Impact of Gobak Sodor Traditional Games on Cardiovascular Endurance Among Elementary School Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53905/joska.v2i03.137Keywords:
gobak sodor, cardiovascular endurance, traditional games, aerobic exercise, physical educationAbstract
Objectives: This study aims to analyze the influence of the traditional game gobak sodor on improving cardiovascular endurance in elementary school students through a literature review approach. The game involves high-intensity physical activity, rapid movement, and whole-body coordination, making it relevant as an alternative method for physical fitness training.
Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted by examining books, national journal articles, and official guidelines related to Physical Education learning. The review focused on evidence regarding the physiological responses and fitness adaptations resulting from traditional game-based activities.
Results: The findings indicate that gobak sodor provides an effective aerobic training stimulus, increases heart rate activity, and promotes cardiovascular adaptations that contribute to improved endurance in students. Previous studies consistently report that traditional games positively affect various components of physical fitness, particularly cardiorespiratory capacity. The dynamic and continuous movement patterns in gobak sodor make it suitable for enhancing aerobic performance in school-aged children.
Conclusion: Based on the reviewed literature, gobak sodor can serve as an enjoyable yet effective learning medium to enhance cardiovascular endurance in elementary school students within the context of Physical Education. Its integration into PJOK learning supports both cultural preservation and physical fitness development.
References
Antala, B., Šimonek, J., & Labudová, J. (2015). Physical activity in school physical education and its impact on students’ motor performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(4), 718–724. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.04110
Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2633–2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2
Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review, 30(4), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2010.08.001
Biddle, S., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2018). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
Bishop, D. J. (2003). Warm Up II. Sports Medicine, 33(7), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333070-00002
Bull, F., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., García, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., … Willumsen, J. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Casamichana, D., & Castellano, J. (2010). Time–motion, heart rate, perceptual and motor behaviour demands in small-sides soccer games: Effects of pitch size. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(14), 1615–1623. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.521168
Chacón-Cuberos, R., Zurita-Ortega, F., Olmedo-Moreno, E. M., & Castro-Sánchez, M. (2020). Relationship between academic stress, physical activity, and motivation with academic performance in university students. Brain Sciences, 10(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060361
Fradkin, A., Zazryn, T., & Smoliga, J. M. (2010). Effects of Warming-up on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(1), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c643a0
Gafar, M., Tomoliyus, T., & Nugroho, A. (2024). Effect of small side game training, small side game combined training program with plyometric and age on muscle power, agility and football skills. International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health, 11(1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2024.v11.i1a.3187
Hammami, A., Kasmi, S., Farinatti, P., Duffield, R., Harrabi, L., Chortane, O. G., & Chamari, K. (2018). Trainability and training load of small-sided games in youth soccer players: A systematic review. Biology of Sport, 35(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2018.78609
Hanifah, L., Nasrulloh, N., & Sufyan, D. L. (2023). Sedentary Behavior and Lack of Physical Activity among Children in Indonesia. Children, 10(8), 1283–1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10081283
Hariri, M., & Stone, R. (2023). Gamification in Physical Activity: State-of-the-Art. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2023.01410105
Herlandy, P. B., Sholihat, N., Pahmi, P., Majid, N. W. A., Azman, M. N. A., & Ulwan, A. N. (2024). Developing a Digital Module for Integrating Islamic and Muhammadiyah Values with Pancasila in Vocational Education: A Sadiman Method Approach. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 6(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v6i2.23208
Kristiyandaru, A. (2020). Pengembangan model pembelajaran permainan tradisional dalam meningkatkan kebugaran jasmani siswa sekolah menengah pertama [Development of traditional game learning models to improve physical fitness of junior high school students]. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 5(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.24781
Lyons, E., & Hatkevich, C. (2013). Prevalence of Behavior Changing Strategies in Fitness Video Games: Theory-Based Content Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2403
McMillan, K., Helgerud, J., Macdonald, R., & Hoff, J. (2005). Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(5), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.012526
Medicine, A. C. of S. (2021). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Wolters Kluwer Health.
Méndez-Giménez, A., Fernández-Río, J., & Cecchini-Estrada, J. A. (2017). Bidirectional relations between goal orientations, light and vigorous physical activity and physical self-concept in elementary school children. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0025
Meyer, U., Schindler, C., Zahner, L., Ernst, D., Hebestreit, H., Mechelen, W. van, Rocca, H. B., Probst‐Hensch, N., Puder, J. J., & Kriemler, S. (2014). Long-Term Effect of a School-Based Physical Activity Program (KISS) on Fitness and Adiposity in Children: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087929
Muhaimin, A., & Misran, M. (2025). The Impact of Traditional Game Belempongan on Elementary Students’ Physical Fitness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan E-Saintika, 9(2), 465–488. https://doi.org/10.36312/e-saintika.v9i2.3143
Neil‐Sztramko, S., Caldwell, H. A. T., & Dobbins, M. (2021). School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub3
Nollen, N. L., Mayo, M. S., Carlson, S. E., Rapoff, M. A., Goggin, K., & Ellerbeck, E. F. (2014). Mobile Technology for Obesity Prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 404–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.011
Pringsewu, U. A., Rachman, F., Prasetiyo, A., Pringsewu, U. A., Rahmat, A., Rangkasbitung, U. S. B., Nuruhidin, A., & Pringsewu, U. A. (2025). Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Kelincahan Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Porkes, 8(3), 1394–1402. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v8i3.31872
Roesdiyanto. (2017). Pengaruh permainan tradisional terhadap peningkatan daya tahan dan fleksibilitas siswa sekolah dasar [Effect of traditional games on improving endurance and flexibility of elementary school students]. Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, 16(1), 45–54.
Royana, I. F., Kresnapati, P., Setyawan, D. A., Wibisana, Muh. I. N., & Kurnaz, M. (2024). “Gobak Sodor”, Indonesian Traditional Game to Improve Agility of Children with Disabilities. International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences, 7(6), 1350–1360. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1539592
Rulyansah, A., Budiarti, R. P. N., Pratiwi, E. Y. R., & Rihlah, J. (2022). Peningkatan Minat dan Kebugaran Siswa Sekolah Dasar melalui Olah Raga Tradisional. Indonesia Berdaya, 3(3), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.47679/ib.2022239
Saputra, Y. A., & Rudyanto. (2021). Efektivitas permainan Lari Tangkap Zona sebagai metode pemanasan terhadap kebugaran jasmani siswa sekolah dasar [Effectiveness of the Lari Tangkap Zona game as a warm-up method for elementary school students’ physical fitness]. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga Dan Kesehatan, 9(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.26740/jpok.v9n3.p213-222
Suherman, A. (2018). Revitalisasi pengajaran dalam pendidikan jasmani [Revitalisation of teaching in physical education]. CV Bintang WarliArtika.
Sulaiman, S., & Priyambada, G. (2025). The Effectiveness of Educational Game-Based Physical Education Learning on the Development of Elementary School Students’ Physical Literacy: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Jurnal Porkes, 8(3), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v8i3.31349
Sun, Y., Yu, S., Wang, A., Chan, H. C.-K., Ou, A. X. T., Zhang, D., Xie, Y. J., Fong, S. S. M., & Gao, Y. (2022). Effectiveness of an adapted physical activity intervention on health-related physical fitness in adolescents with intellectual disability: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 22583–22583. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26024-1
Supriatna, E., Abduljabar, B., & Juliantine, T. (2019). Pengaruh permainan tradisional dalam pemanasan terhadap kecepatan dan koordinasi gerak siswa [The effect of traditional games in warm-up on students’ movement speed and coordination]. Jurnal Terapan Ilmu Keolahragaan, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17509/jtikor.v4i1.13547
Suroto, S., Yustanti, W., Prakoso, B. B., Priadana, B. W., & Febriyanti, I. (2024). Assessment of the Potential of Elementary School Students in Terms of Physical Fitness. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 11(2), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.53400/mimbar-sd.v11i2.71731
SV, H.-H., B, D., FM, I., & AJ, C. (2011). Physiology of small-sided games training in football: A systematic review. UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia). https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/0ce48e63-d2c9-4f38-ba0e-21cff66df68e
Trost, S. G., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2008). Exercise—Promoting healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 2(3), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2008.03.001
Tsutsui, K., Shinya, M., & Kudo, K. (2019). Underlying structure in the dynamics of chase and escape interactions. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 15051–15051. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51524-y
Xu, S., & Dang, Z. (2025). Emergent behaviors in multiagent pursuit evasion games within a bounded 2D grid world. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 29376–29376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15057-x
Young, W., & Farrow, D. (2006). A Review of Agility. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(5), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200610000-00004
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
